皂苷是什么以及它们有哪些特性?
皂苷是化学上来源于植物的化合物,归类为糖苷,是糖的衍生物。皂苷一词来源于拉丁语单词sapo,意为肥皂。它与皂苷的起泡特性有关。皂苷具有抗炎、利尿作用,并能加速脂肪的消化。它们在医学中有广泛应用,但也需注意其中一些具有较强的毒性特性。
我们在哪里可以找到皂苷?
它们的主要来源是以下植物:
小豆(Adzuki豆)在亚洲种植已有数千年。它在日本和中国最为常见。亚洲美食的味道类似于我们熟知的红豆,带有浓郁且独特的坚果甜味。红大豆的热量较传统红豆低,且味道稍甜,日本人用它制作独特的甜点。它的受欢迎不仅因为味道,还因为小豆非常健康。
- 皂荚
- 毛地黄
- 芦荟
- 甘草
- 金盏花
- 人参
- 普通七叶树
- 藤本植物
- 大豆
- 橄榄
- 共同星光
- 美洲束
- 狐尾稻
在化妆品中的应用
皂苷因其出色的起泡特性,在化妆品中被广泛使用。我们首先会在肥皂、沐浴露和泡泡浴的成分中发现它们。它们还被添加到卸妆产品、爽肤水和洗面奶中。皂苷在洗涤剂和液体清洁剂中表现出色。但这还不是全部——皂苷具有抗炎、消肿、改善血液供应和组织氧合的作用,因此被用于面霜和身体乳液中。它们还能降低表面电压,有利于我们的皮肤。皂苷提高了皮肤的渗透性,因此营养物质更易被吸收和利用。
皂苷类甾体 - 医学中的应用
皂苷类甾体在医学中有广泛应用。它们被用作利尿剂、祛痰剂、抗炎、抗病毒、抗菌和抗真菌药物。皂苷能增加消化液和胆汁的分泌。它们增加保护性黏液的数量,加速脂肪代谢,促进食物成分的吸收。它们还被用来合成性激素,如睾酮。在膳食补充剂中含有皂苷,运动员使用这些补充剂可以提高体内睾酮水平。
皂苷类甾体 - 可能的副作用
尽管皂苷类甾体有许多宝贵的优点,但它们也可能引起某些副作用。使用运动补充剂时应保持谨慎。最危险的副作用可能是红细胞溶血——即红细胞破裂,血红蛋白进入血浆,这可能导致贫血甚至骨髓损伤。大量使用皂苷是有毒的。它们可能损害心肌、呼吸系统,导致脑和神经麻痹。由于皂苷被用作动物饲料成分,可能通过肉类或乳制品间接进入我们的食物中,但在这种情况下对我们没有威胁。
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